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Different types of variables in Python with examples.

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In Python, instance variables, static variables, and local variables are all different types of variables that serve different purposes within a program. Instance Variables: Instance variables are unique to each instance of a class. They are defined within a class's methods or the __init__ method and are accessed using the self keyword. Each instance of a class maintains its own copy of instance variables. These variables hold data specific to each object and can have different values for each instance of the class. Here's an example that demonstrates instance variables: class Person: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name # instance variable self.age = age # instance variable person1 = Person("Alice", 25) person2 = Person("Bob", 30) print(person1.name) # Output: Alice print(person2.name) # Output: Bob print(person1.age) # Output: 25 print(person2.age) # Output: 30  In the example above, name and a...
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Python: Explain different types of methods with examples.

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In Python, there are several types of methods that can be defined within a class. Each type of method serves a specific purpose and has different characteristics. The common types of methods in Python are: Instance Methods: Instance methods are the most commonly used methods in Python classes. They are defined within a class and are intended to operate on individual instances of the class. Instance methods have access to the instance variables and can modify their values. Here's an example that demonstrates an instance method: class Circle: def __init__(self, radius): self.radius = radius def calculate_area(self): return 3.14159 * self.radius ** 2 circle = Circle(5) print(circle.calculate_area()) # Output: 78.53975 In the above example, the calculate_area() method is an instance method that calculates the area of a circle based on its radius. It uses the instance variable self.radius to perform the calculation. Class Methods: Class methods are define...
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Explain Buffer overflow in Rust with example.

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Buffer overflow is a common type of vulnerability that occurs when a program writes data beyond the boundaries of a buffer, leading to memory corruption and potential security issues. However, Rust's memory safety guarantees and ownership system help prevent buffer overflows by detecting and preventing such errors at compile-time. Rust's string handling and array bounds checking provide built-in protection against buffer overflows. Here's an example of how Rust mitigates buffer overflow: fn main() { let mut buffer = [0u8; 4]; // Buffer of size 4 let data = [1u8, 2u8, 3u8, 4u8, 5u8]; // Data larger than buffer size // Uncommenting the line below would result in a compilation error. // buffer.copy_from_slice(&data); // Attempt to write data into buffer println!("Buffer: {:?}", buffer); }  In this example, we have a fixed-size buffer with a capacity of 4 bytes ([0u8; 4]) and a data array (data) with a length of 5 bytes. The intention i...
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