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Python: Explain different types of methods with examples.

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In Python, there are several types of methods that can be defined within a class. Each type of method serves a specific purpose and has different characteristics. The common types of methods in Python are: Instance Methods: Instance methods are the most commonly used methods in Python classes. They are defined within a class and are intended to operate on individual instances of the class. Instance methods have access to the instance variables and can modify their values. Here's an example that demonstrates an instance method: class Circle: def __init__(self, radius): self.radius = radius def calculate_area(self): return 3.14159 * self.radius ** 2 circle = Circle(5) print(circle.calculate_area()) # Output: 78.53975 In the above example, the calculate_area() method is an instance method that calculates the area of a circle based on its radius. It uses the instance variable self.radius to perform the calculation. Class Methods: Class methods are define
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Different types of variables in Python with examples.

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In Python, instance variables, static variables, and local variables are all different types of variables that serve different purposes within a program. Instance Variables: Instance variables are unique to each instance of a class. They are defined within a class's methods or the __init__ method and are accessed using the self keyword. Each instance of a class maintains its own copy of instance variables. These variables hold data specific to each object and can have different values for each instance of the class. Here's an example that demonstrates instance variables: class Person: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name # instance variable self.age = age # instance variable person1 = Person("Alice", 25) person2 = Person("Bob", 30) print(person1.name) # Output: Alice print(person2.name) # Output: Bob print(person1.age) # Output: 25 print(person2.age) # Output: 30  In the example above, name and a
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How to delete multiple Git branches using pattern Matching

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To delete multiple branches using Git with pattern matching, you can use a combination of Git commands and shell scripting. Here's an example of how you can achieve this:  1. Open a terminal or command prompt.  2. Navigate to your Git repository directory.  3. Use the following command to list all branches matching a specific pattern: git branch | grep "<pattern>" Replace <pattern> with the pattern you want to match. For example, if you want to delete all branches starting with "feature/" , you can use feature/* as the pattern.  This command lists all branches that match the specified pattern.  4. Review the branch names listed and make sure they are the ones you want to delete.  5. Once you're sure, you can use the following command to delete the branches: git branch | grep "<pattern>" | xargs git branch -D This command combines the previous `git branch` and `grep` commands to find the branches matching
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List of latest and most asked PHP practical interviews questions & answers

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Core PHP Practical Interview Questions In this blog post I am sharing a list of some most asked PHP interview questions & answers. These are very useful and helpful for the freshers and experienced developer too. I have taken these questions from different sources and listed here at one place. Ques. How to reverse a string without using any builtin function? Ans: <?php $str = 'My name is Diwakar Kumar'; $len = 0; while(isset($str[$len]) != '') $len++; for($i = $len ; $i >= 0 ; $i--) { echo @$str[$i]; } Ques: Write a function to check if a given string is a palindrome or not. Ans: 1st Method: <?php function isPalindrome($str) { $str = strtolower(preg_replace('/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/', '', $str)); // Convert to lowercase and remove non-alphanumeric characters $reverse = strrev($str); // Reverse the string return $str === $reverse; // Compare original and reversed string } 2nd Method: <?php funct
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How to take user input from terminal(stdin) in Rust?

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In Rust, you can use the std::io module from the standard library to read input from the user. Here's an example that demonstrates how to get input from the user: use std::io; fn main() { // Create a new instance of `std::io::stdin` for reading user input let mut input = String::new(); // Prompt the user for input println!("Enter your name:"); // Read input from the user io::stdin() .read_line(&mut input) .expect("Failed to read line"); // Trim any trailing whitespace or newlines from the input let name = input.trim(); // Display the user's input println!("Hello, {}!", name); } In this example, we create a mutable String variable named input to store the user's input. We then use the std::io::stdin() function to obtain a handle to the standard input stream. Next, we call the read_line() method on the input stream, passing a mutable reference to the input variable. The r
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Explain Buffer overflow in Rust with example.

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Buffer overflow is a common type of vulnerability that occurs when a program writes data beyond the boundaries of a buffer, leading to memory corruption and potential security issues. However, Rust's memory safety guarantees and ownership system help prevent buffer overflows by detecting and preventing such errors at compile-time. Rust's string handling and array bounds checking provide built-in protection against buffer overflows. Here's an example of how Rust mitigates buffer overflow: fn main() { let mut buffer = [0u8; 4]; // Buffer of size 4 let data = [1u8, 2u8, 3u8, 4u8, 5u8]; // Data larger than buffer size // Uncommenting the line below would result in a compilation error. // buffer.copy_from_slice(&data); // Attempt to write data into buffer println!("Buffer: {:?}", buffer); }  In this example, we have a fixed-size buffer with a capacity of 4 bytes ([0u8; 4]) and a data array (data) with a length of 5 bytes. The intention i
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What is null pointer dereferences in Rust?

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In Rust, null pointer dereferences, also known as null pointer errors or null reference errors, refer to situations where a program attempts to access or dereference a null or uninitialized pointer. However, Rust's ownership and borrowing system and its lack of null pointers make null pointer dereferences virtually non-existent.  Rust's approach to null safety revolves around the concept of ownership and borrowing, which eliminates the need for null pointers and effectively prevents null pointer dereferences at compile-time. Instead of allowing null values, Rust uses the `Option` type to represent the presence or absence of a value.  The `Option` type is an enum with two variants: `Some(value)` to represent the presence of a value, and `None` to represent the absence of a value. By using `Option` types, Rust enforces explicit handling of potentially missing values, ensuring that developers handle the absence case explicitly, rather than encountering unexpected null pointer dere
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